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Supreme Court Explains Principles to Evaluate Circumstantial Evidence in Criminal Cases
The Supreme Court of India has elucidated the principles for evaluating circumstantial evidence in criminal cases, emphasizing the importance of fairness, logical inference, and the rule of law. In a recent judgment, the Court reinforced that conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence must meet stringent legal standards to avoid wrongful convictions.
The Court reiterated the "chain of events" doctrine, stating that the prosecution must establish a complete, unbroken chain of circumstances pointing unequivocally to the guilt of the accused. Any missing link in the chain raises a reasonable doubt, entitling the accused to acquittal.
Further, the bench highlighted the need for corroborative evidence that excludes all hypotheses other than the guilt of the accused. The Court stressed that circumstantial evidence must not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but also incompatible with any other rational explanation.
Judges also underscored the role of "moral certainty" in such cases. The decision must be based on evidence that leaves no room for reasonable doubt. Courts must exercise heightened caution while relying on circumstantial evidence to prevent miscarriages of justice.
The judgment has significant implications for trial courts and law enforcement agencies. It serves as a reminder of the rigorous scrutiny required for cases where direct evidence is unavailable. By laying down these principles, the Supreme Court aims to safeguard the rights of the accused while ensuring the integrity of judicial proceedings.
This ruling is expected to guide courts across India in evaluating circumstantial evidence and reinforcing the principle that justice must not only be done but also seen to be done.
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